memòria s. f. [from lat. memoria, der. of memor -ŏris "to remember"]. - 1. a. In general, the ability, familiar to many organisms, to retain more or less complete and lasting records of external stimuli experienced and their responses.
Mainly bestowed on humans, it is one of the main qualities of living beings, just think of dogs remembering certain commands, parrots learning certain words, and...the musician.
Many pianists and teachers, such as Gieseking or Leimar, have explained that a musician can follow three different paths to memorize a piece:
- Auditory Memory: to be able to imagine the sounds of a certain memory;
- Visual Memory: to be able to imagine what we need to remember;
- Kinesthetic Memory: to be able to perform different motor sequences automatically.
But then, how do short- and long-term memory work?
The first, the short-term one, is for retaining a limited amount of information for a short time. An example is memorizing a series of ten numbers; most people can usually remember between five and nine digits. And how long does this type of memory last? Generally up to thirty seconds but we are able to enhance it and be able to recall information longer. Unfortunately, short-term memory can be impaired by diseases such as Alzheimer's disease impairs it in its moderate stages. However, we also find shorter short-term memory in dyslexic people and marijuana users. In addition, of course, a stroke can also cause serious damage to our short-term memory.
Long-term memory acts as a kind of "warehouse" where we store all the information we need. There are different types of LTM, we have declarative memory, which is all the explicit knowledge we have about the world such as where to store the coffee can.
This declarative memory can be divided into two other categories: semantic, then our knowledge about the outside world, and episodic which concerns as the name suggests, various episodes and their circumstances. Then there is procedural memory, which concerns knowledge that is very little verbalizable, such as riding a bicycle.
Speaking of music, how can it evoke memories and feelings?
It will have happened to anyone to listen to a piece of music they tended to listen to years ago and go back in time with memory and emotions.
We have already seen that long-term memory can be divided into two categories, namely declarative and procedural memory. They could also be called implicit and explicit where the former is about unconscious and automatic memories such as playing an instrument or remembering the first words of a song, and the latter is about things like learning a text or some more technical concepts, such as things you learn in school in textbooks.
The phenomenon of when a song totally takes us back in time is called "autobiographical memory," and it is obviously a very common and usually unintentional phenomenon. This happens especially because music is present in so many events that involve us emotionally, whether it be a party, a funeral, any ceremony, or even simply listening to a song during the home-school commute.
English-speaking researchers call them "self-defining moments," that is, moments that deeply mark one's life. Of course, it is not just about music, thus the sense of hearing, but all of our five senses can take us back to times past, from taste to touch.
One curious thing about our memory is its ability to create false memories. This is a topic that is still being studied quite a bit, and memories of some past events can be reconstructed even after a long time has passed, however, it has been proven that it is possible to install false memories in people's minds. This is discussed by Dr. Elizabeth Loftus in her Ted Talk "How reliable is your memory?"
Loftus begins her lecture by talking about a case she has been asked to work on, the case of Steve Titus. One evening, after having dinner with his girlfriend, Titus was stopped by the police because his car resembled that of a man who had raped a hitchhiker also during that evening; moreover, Titus himself vaguely resembled the rapist, and because of this, a picture was taken of him, which was then shown to the victim, who, pointing to Steve's picture said, "That one looks most like us." And so the man ended up having a trial during which the victim stood up and shouted, "I'm absolutely sure it's him!" And so the unfortunate man was arrested. Fortunately, Steve Titus would not give up knowing full well that he was innocent, and he contacted a local newspaper, catching the attention of an investigative reporter, who found the man who had actually raped the woman, and this man was suspected of fifty other rapes done in that area alone. Although finally free, Titus had lost everything (partner, job, partly even reputation), and so he had decided to sue all those people who had caused him so much pain. On the day he was to go to trial, he died of a stress-related heart attack.
This is not the only case of arrest caused by false memories; in the United States alone, there have been at least three hundred cases of people who ended up behind bars because of victims who had somewhat polluted memories.
In a study also conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, false memories were implanted in patients. In one such experiment, the suggestion was used to make them believe that when they were five or six years old they had gotten lost in a shopping mall and an older person had helped them reunite with their family. They were able to plant these memories in the minds of a quarter of the people who had participated in the study. In other studies of the same kind, particularly one conducted in Italy, the researchers were able to plant the memory in their studied subjects that when they were children, they had witnessed demonic possession.
The study done by Dr. Loftus obviously had a purpose. She had become aware of people who were going to psychotherapy for various kinds of problems (from bulimia to depression), and they were coming out with other kinds of problems and memories, such as precisely, being raped, being abducted by aliens, and even more bizarre things. When Elizabeth Loftus told the world about her studies specifically to go against that particular kind of psychotherapy, so many people insulted her by saying that her research was not ethical at all, even though it had been examined before it was approved. Even there was a case where Loftus had studied a public case of a daughter accusing her mother of abuse, when in fact that was not the case. After the doctor's research was published, the alleged victim sued her for defamation and invasion of privacy, a process that lasted five years and finally ended, leaving Elizabeth Loftus free.
One very important thing said at the conference was that false memories implanted in people could also be used for positive purposes, such as convincing them to eat healthier foods or to exercise more, and so on. This is where the ethical dilemma comes up and that is when you should and could actually use them, the point is that a psychologist cannot legally create false memories in his patients, but a parent could do it for the sake of their children, as mentioned earlier so that they could eat healthier foods or otherwise have a better lifestyle.
This kind of research could have saved innocent people like Steve Titus.
Our memories are part of our identity as people, and it is absolutely extraordinary when you know individuals with infallible memories, even that they remember every second of their lives, among them actress Mary Lou Henner, who said in an interview that although some memories come to her slower than others, she still manages to remember every single second of her life, this phenomenon is called superior autobiographical memory, and only ten people in the whole world are endowed with this extraordinary ability.
But, these phenomena aside, humans are totally imperfect animals, which is also what makes us unique and fortunately not machines, but, that is precisely why it is best not to rely solely on our memory because it can be extremely fragile.














